Ethics And Ethics Code Standards - 972 Words

Ethics is suggestive of what is morally right from wrong. This principle applies to many areas professionally and to human beings as they draw on such thoughts. On the other hand, there is more at risk for a professional to act in their best interest by being aware of regulations, limitations, confidentiality, and ethical principles. Subsequently, a violation in the before mentioned can lead to harm, distress, and lawsuits. In the field of psychology, ethics applies not only to human participants but also to animals. Like a manual that provides instructions an individual that are conducting research has various resources to resort to. In psychology, the APA Ethics Code, which includes 15 substandards is often referenced. For the purposes of this discussion, this writer will be discussing APA Ethics Code Standard 8, substandards 8.05, 8.06, and 8.07 and how these apply to a research study of this writer’s interest and in research. Over the years, it seems that online universiti es have grown in popularity over the traditional brick and mortar universities. Being that this writer is pursuing a Master’s program in Psychology online is what sparked interest in this subject. Yamagata-Lynch (2014) examines the blending of synchronous and asynchronous distanced learning in a qualitative study, utilizing a self-study in development research approach (Yamagata-Lynch, 2014). Further, Yamagata-Lynch, (2014) being an instructor for both online classes and in person, she has access toShow MoreRelatedThe Code Of Ethics For Educators Standards775 Words   |  4 PagesThe code of ethics is an important set of regulations for education professionals to succeed. They are an outline of rules to assure that educators know what is required of them; they are instruments for optimum performance for all in the profession. The three components from the two codes of ethics we had for this class that I consider most important are Georgia Code of Ethics for Educators Standar d 4: Honesty, Georgia Code of Ethics for Educators Standard: 10 Professional Conduct, and CEC SpecialRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics And Its Ethical Standards Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesThe formal definition of ethics is as follows, moral principles that govern a person’s behaviour or the conducting of an activity or alternatively the branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles. (Ethics definition: dictionary.com, 2014) The Code and Standards where first created in the 1960s and have been updated regularly since then. The Code of Ethics is an ethical benchmark for investment professionals around the world. The standards have generally been adopted regardless of job functionRead MoreIeee Code Of Ethics And Standards Of Conduct880 Words   |  4 PagesI was given the following information pertaining to the training used to introduce MS Code of Ethics and Standards of conduct process for inexperienced teachers and to update career teachers, Ms Harrison stated that the MS Code of Ethics and Standards are covered in new teacher orientation before the commencement of the school term. Once school is in session, building level administrators are to review standards with new hires and career teachers. This review also provides updated information to careerRead MoreIeee Code Of Ethics And Standards Of Conduct Essay883 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduce MS Code of Ethics and Standards of conduct process for new teachers and to update career teachers, Ms Harrison stated that the MS Code of Ethics and Standards are covered in new teacher orientation before the beginning of the school term. Once school is in session, building level administrators are to review standards with new and career teachers. This review also provides update information to career teachers if any changes occurred. Listed below is a brief summary of the ten standards foundRead MoreA Code Of Ethics : Responsibility And Accountability Standards753 Words   |  4 PagesA code of ethics highlights the responsibility and accountability standards of each and every employee within the organization. These codes are also motivating factors that guide the employees’ behavior, set the standard regarding ethical conduct, and build an organizations trustworthiness within their surroundings (McShane Gilnow, 2012). The role of ethics in organizational behavior can negatively or positively impact an entire healthcare entity. If employees are educated on the importance ofRead MoreProfessional Standards and Codes of Ethics in Nursing928 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessional standards and codes of ethics that are required by all nurses. The American Nurses Association has a specific code of ethics that each nurse should follow and adopt as their own beliefs. The public and the patients should be the priori ty when providing care in the healthcare setting. The knowledge and education that nurses’ gain is valuable and allows them to encourage health, avoid illness, restore health, and aid in coping for those who are all ill. (LeMone, pp.192) Given that the code of ethicsRead MoreThe Ana Code Of Ethics And Professional Standards Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesBecause of the complex nature of nursing there are plenty of opportunities to question ethical, moral, and legal standards. Marquis and Huston (2015a) described these opportunities as results of the expectation of nurses to meet the needs of patients, physicians, and the organizations they serve while still maintaining the values and morals the nurses have established for themselves (Marquis Huston, 2015a). Teleological frameworks that focus on the overall benefit of those involved and deontologicalRead MoreNurses Code Of Ethics Or Standards Of Practice914 Words   |  4 PagesWhat does Sue need to know about herself to de termine how she will make decisions about providing care for indigent persons? Nurses use their personal values, professional values, nursing ethics, standards of practice, and the scope of nursing to care and advocate for their patients. Sue needs to recognize her own personal and professional value system when caring for indigent patients. Cherry and Jacob (2014) describe a value as a personal belief of how one feels, thinks, and actions to take whenRead MoreCis Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Practice4383 Words   |  18 PagesCode of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF STOCKBROKERS Chartered By Act 105 of 1992 May 13, 2010 Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct for Stockbrokers These CIS Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct for Stockbrokers have been prepared by the Chartered Institute of Stockbrokers (CIS). CIS Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct shall apply, in its entirety, to all members except where a member is practising outside NigeriaRead MoreAca Code Of Ethics And Ethical Standards For School Counselors938 Words   |  4 PagesIn Introduction to Counseling, students learned about the ACA Code of Ethics and Ethical Standards for School Counselors. The ACA code of Ethics update in 2014 with significant changes. One of the improvements was in the preface of the code; including how human development, diversity and multiculturalism, social justice, the integrity of the counselor-child relationship, and competency align further with other professional fields. Another vital area receiving amendments was the extension of the

Death And High Birth Rates From Infectious Disease

In stage 1 farming was developed and there was high death and high birth rates due to epidemics diseases. In Stage 2 factories were developed and there are high birth and low death rates due public health development to cure disease for the infectious. Stage 3 is where the factories are industrialized and there is low birth and low death rates due to chronic disease. During the 1900’s majority of the younger children died from infectious disease rapidly, because lack of access to medication and vaccine. Children died in the comfort of their home surrounding with family members. Family members are able to witness death for the first time and the bodies are preserved at home. Death is shown in public to everyone. Families can make a ceremony for their loved one to say their last goodbye to each other. Now in the late 1900’s majority of older people died from chronic disease at a slower rate, because there is high advancement in the healthcare and medication systems. Howe ver, older people frequently died in the hospital surrounding with medical machines to increase life. Death is less visible to the public including family members and the bodies are preserved through embalming at the funeral home. Family members won’t get the opportunity to say their last goodbye before their loved one passed away in the hospital. Hospital sets a time period when a family member can visit their loved one which creates a disadvantages. When a person dies in the hospital the nurse notifies theShow MoreRelatedSocial And Behavioral Determinants Of Health948 Words   |  4 Pagespattern of diseases and health care service has been observed globally as population increase. Epidemiological transition also known as demographic transition, is a model that is used to explain how population growth rates increase and decrease with respect to time and different factors that account into it such as infectious disease, chronic disease and industrialization. â€Å"Concept ually, the theory of epidemiologic transition focuses on the complex change in patterns of health and disease and on theRead MoreHow do Life Expectancy, Maternal and Infant Health Changfe Around the World and in Time?1528 Words   |  7 Pagesintercountry and time changes. INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES â€Å" Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. â€Å" â€Å" Health life expectancy estimates the years in full health that a person can expect to live on the basis of the current mortality and morbidity rates† Life expectancy at birth varied and increased over time: it was about 30 years in classical Greece andRead MoreThe Human Population Essay659 Words   |  3 Pages Developing countries are in a situation immensely different than that of developed countries. Fertility rates in developing countries are generally declining, but still above the replacement level (Wright 2005). Population growth occurs when the births out number the deaths. At this population momentum, even after the total fertility rate is reduced to the replacement level, enormous growth is in store for developing countries (Wright 2005). In developed countries like the United States, itRead MorePakist Child Health And Mortality1658 Words   |  7 PagesAisha Hanif PM 565 04/28/15 Global Health Country Report Pakistan: Child Health and Mortality Introduction Since it’s separation from India in 1947, Pakistan steadily grew to a country with a population of about 184.35 million people in 2013, making it the sixth most populous country in the world (â€Å"About Pakistan†). Pakistan is broken into four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (â€Å"About Pakistan†). Its capital is the city of Islamabad. While Pakistan has taken manyRead MoreEssay On Death Related Encounters744 Words   |  3 PagesChanges in Death Related Encounters in the United States Just as everything in the world that we know today has changed and evolved so has the United States’ death related encounters. From the days of Cowboys and Indians losing their lives to bullets and arrows from shootouts and ambushes, the way death pursues the human body in modern times has evolved almost in a demonic way through every race, gender, and culture in the United States. Looking at statistics from the 1900’s, the three leadingRead MoreDevastation and Disease in Africa1502 Words   |  7 Pagesbut this causes a major problem around the world. Birth rates are almost double to that of the death rates, and the earth’s population is reaching the seven billion mark. Continents everywhere worry about what is to come with the rising population because it is causes many resources to deplete and diseases to spread. These very problems are already occurring on the continent of Africa.. In Africa, overpopulation is causing an immense amount of disease to spread more competently due to the close livingRead MoreChild Mortality : An Important Indicator Of The Health Of A Nation2283 Words   |  10 Pagespractices (MacDorman Matthews, 2009). This study will use Canadian data to compare life expectancy in 1881, 1901, 1921, and 1941. It will also examine infant mortality, maternal mortality, and age-specific death rates by leading causes of death in the year 1921. The data for this study comes from Dà ©partment de dà ©mographie, Università © de Montrà ©al (2014) Collection of Canadian Life Tables, 1801-2011; and Canada Dominion Bureau of Statistics (1923) Vital Statistics 1921: First Annual Report. Life ExpectancyRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccination1241 Words   |  5 Pageschildren and jeopardize society just because they do not believe in vaccination? Vaccinations help save lives by building immunity to deadly diseases, but people are willing to risk lives just because their political beliefs or religious beliefs or skepticism keeps them from vaccinating their children. To make sure everyone in the community is safe from certain diseases, the government needs to make most vaccinations mandatory for every child. There are already a few state mandates regarding vaccinationsRead MoreChronic Communicable Diseases : A Demographic Milestone1203 Words   |  5 Pagesworld is on the verge of a demographic milestone. From the start of documented history, young children have outnumbered their elders. However, during the past decade the number of people aged 65 or older outnumbered children under age five. Due to fall in fertility rates and significant rise in life expectancy, popul ation ageing will continue or even accelerate. According to WHO, the number of people aged 65 or older is expected to increase from 524 million in 2010 to approximately 1.5 billion inRead MoreEpidemiological Trends And Design Control Programs Essay1710 Words   |  7 PagesWhen looking at infectious diseases and epidemics, one of the better ways of seeing its impact is through mathematical models. Mathematical models allow us to examine the potential impact of these epidemics a well as potential control of the situations. Anderson and May (1992) describe the use of mathematical models, and how they’re advantageous in showing stages of infectious agents within human communities, in order to help interpret epidemiological trends and design control programs. Initially

In Song for a Dark Girl, African

In Song for a Dark Girl, African-American poet L Essay In Song for a Dark Girl, African-American poet Langston Hughes (1902-1967) employs allusions to bring into the poem external contexts that contribute to its theme and tone. The primary allusion is repeated at the beginning of each stanza: Way Down South in Dixie (1, 5, 9). The phrase refers to the refrain of the famous mid-nineteenth-century song Dixie that celebrates the glory of the American South. Ironically, it was often sung in minstrel shows by white musicians performing in blackface, a popular theatrical convention of the day that patronized and demeaned African Americans. The repeated allusions to Dixie incorporated into the content of the poem make Song for a Dark Girl enormously ironic. The word song carries ironic force, as well. Songs often suggest joy or celebration, but this song proves to be extraordinarily tragic. Hughes could have established this immediately by choosing a different title, such as Lament for a Dark Girl, but instead he catches us by surprise, not only by using the title he does employ but also by beginning the poem with the first line he chooses. The opening line suggests a nostalgic evocation of the attractive Southland. It is not until we read line 2 that we begin to realize this will be a very sad song indeed. The fact that the speaker in Hughess poem is a girl is important. The word girl suggests she is relatively young and innocent, which makes the brutal murder of the young man she loves seem all the more unbearable. If the poem were titled Song for a Dark Woman, the effect perhaps would be less poignant, since the speaker would be older and presumably more experienced in coping with loss. It is largely the contrast between the vulnerable innocence of the girl and the wicked power of the lynch mob that makes the poem so striking. The diction (choice of words) in the poem is simple and directdiction that seems entirely appropriate for the young, unsophisticated speaker, but the artistry of the poem is often subtle. Notice, for instance, the structure of line 2: (Break the heart of me). The syntax (order of words) is unusual; the more conventional expression would be They broke my heart. Through the unusual syntax, Hughes emphasizes both the crucial verb and the crucial pronoun, which are stressed by their respective positions at the beginning and the end of the line. The girls suffering occurs in the present (Break), rather than in the past (broke), and the unconventional syntax of the line suggests that the depth of her torment exceeds a conventional expression of it. Only in lines 3 and 4 do we discover the cause of the dark girls pain: The man she loves has been lynched on a cross roads tree. This phrase refers literally to a tree located at a public intersection where roads cross. For his murder to have occurred in such a public place implies that the lynch mob is utterly shameless: No attempt was made to hide the crime by hanging the victim in an obscure location. Instead, the poem suggests, the mob wanted the body to be seen by as many people as possible. The lynching, apparently, was intended not only to punish the victim for some unspecified reason but also to warn anyone else, especially anyone of color, who might somehow offend the mob.

Rise and Development of Nationalism in East Asia

Introduction Nationalism means the identities that people have, which they view as distinguishing them uniquely as belonging to a particular nation. Thus, it covers one of the forms of patriotism. Several theories can be employed to provide an explanation of the origin of nationalism. The main ones are modernism and primordialist views.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rise and Development of Nationalism in East Asia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modernism theory considers nationalism as a recent societal process, which demands societal structuring for it to develop. On the other hand, the primordialist â€Å"describes nationalism as a reflection of the ancient and perceived evolutionary behavior of humans to organize themselves into distinct groupings based on the affinity of birth† (Tamir 13). The paper uses the primordialist view. Based on the theory, nationalism may develop based on cultural artifact s defining people living within a given nation and political-related experiences in a nation among other things. From this point of view, this paper discuses the rise and development of nationalism in East Asia based on historic political related experiences and cultural elements including religion and clothing. Japan and china are used as the main examples in this quest. Rise and Development of Nationalism in China and Japan Cultural elements may act as mechanisms that can help to instill the perception of nationalism among people living within a common geographical area. Theses artifacts may be depicted through clothing, language, and religion. With the onset of westernization, Chinese people encountered a dilemma whether to abandon their own clothing styles that defined their heritage and hence a sense of belonging as Chinese nationals or to adopt the rising western styles of dressing. This dilemma motivates Finnane to wonder what Chinese women deserve to wear for them to retain the symbol of nationalism (99). Given the history of China that is rich in customs, the question is significant since resistance to the degradation of nationalism depicted by dressing style was evident as from 1949 when Mao Zedong declined from wearing black leather shoes and a suit. According to Finnane, the head of state argued, â€Å"we Chinese have our own customs†¦why should we follow others† (99). This resistance was a replication of over half decade debates questioning the capacity of the western influences to impair the dressing codes of the Chinese people. Over that period, alterations of style were incredibly controversial. They attracted hefty public debates particularly when they involved the question of the women dress. The main interrogatives were whether the women dresses need to be long or short, tight or loose, or cover the arms for them to depict Chinese national women.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your f irst paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the reign of Mao, the question on what Chinese people wore attracted superficial analysis. However, dressing styles and the type of clothes that were won by Chinese people acted as wonderful mechanisms of differentiating between China and the rest of the nations in the world. In this line of thought, Finnane reinforces, â€Å"For politically correct Chinese people, clothing at that time differentiated the socialist elect from the rest†¦for outsiders, it was the single most obvious feature about contemporary Chinese culture† (100). Clothes were depictive of Chinese culture and hence a symbol of Chinese people. Even though much of the concerns about the alteration of the dressing to have the capacity to erode the culture of the Chinese people concerned what women wore in the ninetieth century, the link between nationalism and the clothing was not only a problem of women: men were also equally worried. This argument is stre ngthened by the Mao Zedong’s rejection to wear a suit associated with the western culture. Outside the Chinese context, clothing remains an important symbol of nationalism in other nations in the East Asia. For instance, in India, cladding in ‘sari’ represents a sovereign Indian woman because â€Å"the fertile ground for production of future generations both past and future-were embodied in her,† (Finnane 102). On the other hand, in Japan, a woman dressed in ‘kimono’ profiles an ideal sovereign Japanese woman. From these examples, it sounds essential to infer that the perception of nationalism among people cannot be segregated from the cladding codes acceptable as representing the true national of a given nation because cultural artifacts are depictive of cultural differences among people who are often confined within different national boundaries. Apart from the rise and development of nationalism from the context of dressing style, religion is yet another crucial cultural artifact that may help to build the perception of nationalism among different people living in different nations. For instance, in Japan, subscription to Shinto is perhaps an essential way of portraying ones strongly grounded spirit of nationalism. Shinto assumed its shape upon the arrival of Buddhism. This was vital in helping to differentiate the new religion to the indigenous religion in Japan that was the representation of the ‘Japanese’.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rise and Development of Nationalism in East Asia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Okuyama strengthens this point by further asserting, â€Å"Some 100,000 shrines of jinja served by Shinto priests attest to its physical presence nationwide† (94). Shinto defines the religious practices of the indigenous native Japanese to mean ‘the ways of ‘kami’ as opposed to ‘the way s of Buddha’. Therefore, since the introduction of Buddhism in the 16th century, Shinto practices became definitive of the true Japanese nationalism. However, it is also crucial to note that Japanese people consider traditional customs as defining nationalism in spite of â€Å"whether they are Shinto or not† (Okuyama 97). The question that emerges is- to what extent do Japanese people perceive Shinto as a true representation of nationalism? The response to the above question is perhaps well answered by considering the significance of Shinto shrines among all citizens of Japan including the nobles. In this regard, Okuyama reckons, â€Å"since he became the prime minister, Koizumi Jun’ichiro visited Yasukuni Shrine four times: 13 August 2001, 21 April 2002, 14 January 2003, and 1 January 2004† (106). Nevertheless, even though this may be anticipated to be acceptable within the understanding of the traditional customs of Japanese people, the visits attracted opposition. Consequently, about seven lawsuits ensued as a result. Nevertheless, Koizumi remained confident that the visits were necessary for a number of reasons. In the first place, the shrines served to portray his nationalism since they formed the places where he renewed vows never to take part in wars. Secondly, â€Å"he visited Yasukuni shrines to express relevance and gratitude to all the war dead despite the fact that these include class A war criminal† (Okuyama 106). Arguably, from this cited reason of why Koizumi visited the shrine, it is questionable whether the shines are the best places to show ones patriotism. However, it is evident that Japanese people have a strong prescription to traditional religious beliefs as the main ways of portraying sincerity in ones commitments to the Japanese people and the nation as a whole. The analysis of Shintoism as one of the theories of development of nationalism in Japan cannot be accomplished without considering the philoso phers’ attempts to ensure the national beliefs were revived and purified.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The idea was to enhance the removal of all foreign ideas that were imported from various nations including China and India. The Shintoism restoration movement began in the 18th century with Motoori Noringa playing proactive roles. This campaign gave rise to the state Shinto with the emperor of Japan then claiming to be of Amaterasu decently. A certain representation that tends to link people together creates the spirit of nationalism. According to Wang, the identification may include â€Å"China’s neo-neo-tribe and â€Å"Japanese shin shin jinrei† (547). To Wang, such a representation can be used to secure a market for a particular product because it has high likelihoods of securing an immense success when a product is marketed based on its capacity to create a sense of nationalism. For instance, Wang argues that the term bobo has the impact of bringing Chinese people together by creating messages of premium value (535). What this argument means is that the spirit of nationalism can also be build by the products produced by nations. Therefore, consumption of such products helps to depict that one is truly a patriot of a given nation. Using the Wang’s analogy, the term bobo is related to being a Chinese and belonging to a bobo class. Subsequently, when a product is sold bearing the tag that it is principally made for the bobos, it means that buying this product will not only mean fitting into the bobo class. Besides, it will also depict one as a sovereign citizen of the nation where the bobos live! From a different dimension, nationalism may be built based on the experiences that people go through as a nation. Recollection of such experiences helps to remind one of the history encountered, which is definitive of why one is a nationalist of a given nation. This kind of nationalism is perhaps well exemplified by Japan through her Hiroshima trauma. Painful experiences are crucial reflections of what it takes to be a nationalist since they pro vide links between different cultures (Caruth 3). Therefore, while Japan may be segregated based on different cultural affiliations, the Hiroshima experiences make Japanese people develop a sense of nationalism, which is critical in helping the nation to employ all strategies possible to ensure that such an experience would never reoccur. Therefore, the Hiroshima experience is one unifying experience that ensures all Japanese are united together amid their demographic differences (Wood 191). Arguably, this is crucial since nationalism is hard to thrive in an environment that is ruled by segregations. Conclusion Therefore, based on the expositions made in the paper, it is enough to declare nationalism a representation of people’s identities. The identities help in building the spirit of patriotism. Cultural elements show people’s identities and political experiences especially the ones that culminated into painful experiences. In this paper, nationalism has been explore d through consideration of clothing as one of the ways of presentation of people’s cultural artifacts in the Chinese and Japanese contexts. The Hiroshima experience has also been considered as an example of painful experiences that has helped to shape the Japanese view of nationalism. Works Cited Caruth, Cathy. Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative and History, Baltimore: Johnhopkins University press, 1996. Print. Finnane, Antonia. â€Å"What Should Chinese Women Wear?† Modern China 22.2(1996): 99-131. Print. Okuyama, Michiaki. Historicizing Modern Shinto: A New Tradition of Yasukuni Shrine.  Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2005. Print. Tamir, Yael. Liberal Nationalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. Print. Wang, Jing. â€Å"Bourgeois Bohemians in China? Neo-Tribes and the Urban Imaginary.† The China Quarterly 183.3(2005): 532-548. Print. Wood, Nancy. Vectors of Memory: Legacies of Trauma in Postwar Europe. New Jersey, NJ: Berg Publishers, 1 999. Print. This essay on Rise and Development of Nationalism in East Asia was written and submitted by user Noel L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Jimmy - Racism Essays - Discrimination, Hatred, Racism,

Jimmy - Racism The sizzling streams of sunlight were just beautifully glimmering down on the crisp green school yard. Such a wonderful day that was. Nothing could have ruined it. Little Jimmy, since it was such a wonderful day decided to go to the corner store and buy himself a little treat. As little Jimmy started walking over to the store, clouds flocked over the dazzling sun and the sudden pitch dark meant no trouble. On the other side of the road were three white boys from Jimmy's same school. Upon recognizing Jimmy, the boys ran over the street to where he was. Hey Negro, what's up?, one of the white Boy said. Did your mamma pack you enough to eat to-day?, another hooted. Just leave me alone., Little Jimmy said Oh no, Jimmy's really getting pist off!?, the first boy retaliated. Just shove off and let me be, Jimmy answered. It is like this everyday, everywhere, and everytime, people suffer discrimination. All because they have differences amongst each other. Different beliefs, different cultures, different skin colour, all of these act like building blocks to help construct what we know as Racism. Racism has become one of the many burdens amongst multi-cultural worlds like Canada and the States. Racism is a part of each and every one of us. No doubt, we are all racist, but this the term racism has been used too loosely. Racism has been mutated to such an extent that it could be a reason for war, a symbol of terrorism, and even an excuse for neglecting. Is that all there is to it? No, actually it is just the beginning. Racism is just like warfare in which there is no shelter and nobody is neutral. Nobody is exempt from this demon. He has haunted us with a bitter curse. On one occasion I remember, nobody would play with me at school. I would walk around by myself and ask people if we could play together. Everywhere that I went, like the process of induction, everyone would avoid me. Like two inducted poles with the same polarity, they would just shimmer off into the distance and continue to do whatever they're doing. Because of racial differences, they neglect me. People are afraid of the unknown, and it is this difference amongst people that spread rumors and distrust amongst people. Corrupting our thoughts and reasons, we get accustomed to thinking differences are omens. Amongst smaller kids, there is no difficulty in getting them to all play together. There thoughts are not totally corrupted as others. Probably the demon has no time to bother with smaller children. As children start to grow up, their knowledge of the world increases in astronomical figures. They start to mature and realize the barbarous aspects of life. When this knowledge reaches to a certain point, the demon like racism comes after them. The child begins to understand the term racism and is encouraged to use it in part of there everyday speech. Then when one walks around the school ground, you wouldn't see children from different ethnic groups playing together. They have become insoluble to each other and will never then mix again. Interaction between each other thus terminates. Nobody benefits from this kind of behavior except for the demon that haunts us. Racism, like the demonic figure it has imposed on us is the reason for distrust, disloyal, and discrimination amongst each and every one of us.

Insider epistemology Essays

Insider epistemology Essays Insider epistemology Essay Insider epistemology Essay The view that you have to be one to know one, that to understand a group you must be a member of that group, is known as insider epistemology (Fay, 1996, p. 9). In my work I will try to explain and define this thesis, making it more tangible through the use of examples both of situations for with insider epistemology seems valid and of instances in which group differences have tried to be overcome. I shall then go on to present problems and questions that arise with it; amongst others whether it is at all possible to place people in categories, to what extent we are able to understand anyone but ourselves and, for that matter, whether we can even understand ourselves. Finally, I shall suggest a reconciliation of the thesis with its counterarguments by introducing a more precise definition of the phrase you have to be one to know one. In our society today we tend to take one of two approaches toward people in some way different to ourselves: we either condemn their actions as wrong and try to impose our own viewpoint on them, or we resist judgement by saying that their frame of mind is so substantially different to ours that we couldnt possibly understand and even less criticize their actions. I would like to focus on this second approach. Whether we are speaking about youths from troubled backgrounds with an early criminal record, or about a far-off tribe with seemingly strange customs, or about the way of life of monks in the 13th century; the belief is that unless we were there to experience what they did, or unless we belong to their group, we have no way of understanding them. In other words, to know them we must be them, the claim of insider epistemology. Insider epistemology maintains that to know other insiders one has to be an insider oneself (Fay, 1996, p. 9). It is saying that you cannot understand a Muslim unless you are a Muslim yourself, a Russian peasant unless you are a Russian peasant yourself. James I. Charlton speaks of the innate inability of able-bodied people, regardless of fancy credentials and awards, to understand the disability experience (Bridges, 2001). The reasoning is simple: how could you possibly understand a group if you have not grown up in their surroundings and with their experiences? Various literary works illustrate this: Jung Changs Wild Swans, for example, only became such a moving and inspiring account because written by a person who experienced Chinese history of the 20th century first hand. She was able to tell the story of her family in a political and historical context without having to resort to research and second hand accounts. She might have even felt quite offended had an outsider written her story claiming to know exactly how she felt and exactly what she went through; she would probably consider her experiences to be unique and not likely to be truly understood by anyone but her family and herself and perhaps not even by her family because they did not have the exact same experiences as she did. This position that each person has privileged access to his or her own mental states and processes (Fay, 1996, p. 10) is called individual methodological solipsism (Merton, 1972, p. 5) and is a more radical form of insider epistemology. It argues that only I can know my own mind, so I can never know whether experiences and sensations are the same for other people: does the colour red look the same to others (Fay, 1996, p. 10)? Does pain feel the same if experienced by another? A train of thoughts which can make us feel truly lonely indeed! Throughout time there have been a number of attempts to transgress the b oundaries separating groups from each other and go native (Smith, n. d. ). John Howard Griffin painted his face black and travelled through the south of the USA during the height of racial segregation to be able to experience the treatment of a black man (Fay, 1996, p. 13). Liza Crihfield Dalby wanted to write her PhD on the life and experiences of a Japanese geisha, and thought the only way to do this was to live as a geisha in Kyoto for a year (Dalby, 1983). It would seem that by doing this they would be able to gain an insider perspective on the culture and group they were living with? Yet herein lies the illusion: no matter how long they played their insider role, it would remain a role. Their upbringing had instilled in them a set of values and beliefs, by themselves perhaps unrecognized or unacknowledged, but nevertheless existing and fundamentally different to that of the group they were studying. Furthermore, if ever they were to find themselves in a precarious situation, they would always be able to resort back to their original identity, and not have to bare the consequences as a black man or a geisha might. They are able to wear the mask of an insider, but under the mask the outsider stays the same. This can be further illustrated: if we say that the social and cultural world shape a person or groups identity, regarding the fact that society and culture differs hugely from place to place, and insist on the fact that to understand an insider you must be an insider yourself, then we must conclude that any understanding between groups is impossible. This, in turn, would mean that social science would become radically unlike hard science (Smith, n. d. ), because no research would be possible on a neutral and objective basis. In fact, every group would have to be in charge of its own social research, be its own social scientist (Fay, 1996, p. 12). Still, if we are not able understand another group, we would consequently also not be able to understand the research done by an insider social scientist of the other group. Each group would be its own isolated unit and incapable of sharing any knowledge. However, there are problems to be found in using the word group. By picturing a group as a homogenous set of individuals, we are categorizing its members as all being equal and being members of only that group. We are forgetting that categories as broad as women, South American, adopted children, etc. are no indication of individual identity and experiences. Indeed, by placing all adopted children in the same group, we are neglecting the fact that adoption can be a completely different experience for one child compared to another. The differences between members of one group may actually outweigh their similarities (Bridges, 2001, p. 3; Fay, 1996, p. 53) and insiders of groups may insist on a distinction being made between each other, therefore Argentineans might find it offensive to be put in the same category as Bolivians or vice versa. But if we carry these divisions within categories further, then we must distinguish between Argentineans from Buenos Aires and those from Patagonia, in Buenos Aires between the poor and the wealthy, within the poor between the homeless and people living in small shacks, within the homeless between men and women, within men between old and young, and so on until there is no more than one person left for each category which takes us back to the theory of solipsism, that only I can know myself, and therefore to the impossibility of mutual understanding. In social research difficulties may arise as many of the political and ethical dilemmas ( ) stem from the researchers simultaneous occupation of a status as insider and outsider in relation to those they are researching (Charles, 1997, p. 394), since boundaries between groups are never clear-cut. But this evokes the idea that ultimately, if I am the only person left in my category and nobody from outside my category can truly understand me, I must know my own self best, and this idea we must question. For many instances come to mind where we dont really understand ourselves. When writing an exam, for example, we are not conscious of all the thought processes going on within our head and we would have a hard time explaining how we wrote it. Fay writes that the mind does not have an unmediated knowledge of itself (1996, p. 19), meaning that we cannot necessarily interpret the experiences and feelings we have. Similarly I have no detailed recollection of the day my dog was put to sleep, it went by in a blur. Not only did I not have full knowledge of myself on that day but with time it has changed further: my personal account of that day would probably be very inaccurate because tinted by my emotions and patchy with suppressed memories (Bridges, 2001, p. 2). Furthermore, it is well known that a stressed person is the last to realize or acknowledge it, what is needed is precisely a person on the outside a doctor, a parent, a wife to diagnose the symptoms and look at our taken-for-granted experience through ( ) the eye of a stranger (Bridges, 2001, p. ), so from an outsider perspective. Our insider perspective does not necessarily work to our advantage because, as Fay puts it, knowledge of what we are experiencing always involves an interpretation of these experiences (1996, p. 19). Likewise, being a member of a group does not always give us the best knowledge of it. For example, a sports player is not automatically the best sports commentator (Fay, 1996, p. 20), and being a native speake r of a language often means that you have more difficulties explaining grammar rules than a non-native speaker. Merton is his studies found that the judgements of insiders are best trusted when they assess groups other than their own (1972, p. 18). Distance can create better knowledge because it gives a wider view of things: Fay gives the example of Hitlers biographers who were able to understand him not in the sense of being sympathetic toward him but of giving an accurate account of his character and motivations precisely because their distance enabled them to make a connection between internal emotions and external situations (Fay, 1996, p. 24). But how can we reconcile this argument with the one made earlier that Jung Chang was only able to write such an extraordinary account because she was an insider? Maybe the answer lies in that knowledge does not rely solely on whether one is a member of a certain group or not. Knowing something implies that we understand its meaning and have made sense of it, not that we have an empathetic understanding of it. Fay compares making sense of something with trying to decipher a difficult poem rather than trying to achieve some sort of inner mental union with its author (1996, p. 25). Sensitivity and criticality are the relevant criteria to understanding rather than being an insider or outsider to a group whether we are speaking about women, Muslims or Russian peasants. An insider may however be more aware of the issues at hand; he may not have the automatic ability to truly understand but his status might facilitate it. If we really had to be one to know one, most of our world today would become pointless: media, research, welfare, etc. Why be informed about the war in Iraq if we can neither understand the Iraqis nor the soldiers nor the politicians? Why make any judgement, any protest? Because our insider status as human beings gives us the sensitivity to reject violence and suffering, even if we are outsiders on all other factors.

Accounting report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accounting report - Essay Example ector’s report is a mandatory part of the financial statement that explains the business prospect of the company and detailed financial analysis and performance. The issues in the business of ITV are that of holding the broadcast audience which is their consumer and customer and that generates the revenue for the company. Another key issue is that of conversion of profit to cash during the year in which the company has struggle. Lastly, the broadcast and online revenues of the company have decreased compared to last year which is also a concern. The presentation of the report of BSkyB is more proper and the breakups are provided in a more explanatory format which give better judgment for a user of the financial statement. The directors report also covers a better area of the financial statement and uses graphs and charts to give better understanding to the user of the financial statement. The auditors have stated that they have carried on the audit of the company in light of the auditing standards as applicable in UK and Ireland and under their independent examination the financial statements are presented fairly and the Group financial statements are also prepared in line with the Financial Reporting Standards approved by the EU, the Companies Act 2006 and the other requirements of the applicable laws so as to provide the right type on guidance to the viewer of the financial statement. The report is dated two months later than that of the date of financial statements because the audit is carried out after the close of the year end of the company after which the auditors examine the financial data and provide their opinion of the fair and true presentation. In light of the companies Act, it is mandatory for a company to calculate and disclose the earnings per share in its annual report. The basic earnings per share of ITV in 2009 was 2.3p while the loss per share of last year 65.9p. This shows that the earnings per share for the year ended 2009 is higher